Ethics in Research Involving Human Subjects and Animals

All manuscripts reporting research involving human subjects must declare that the study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Authors must state the name of the ethics or scientific-ethics committee that approved the protocol, as well as the corresponding approval number or code. All work involving experimental design must have such approval from an accredited committee.

For studies involving data, images, or clinical material from identifiable patients, authors must declare that they obtained written informed consent from participants or their legal representatives, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of subjects at all times. Names, initials, medical record numbers, or other identifying information may not be published unless strictly necessary for publication and with the explicit written consent of the patient.

Studies involving animals must declare compliance with the international principles for biomedical research involving animals established by CIOMS and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS).

The Editorial Team may request a copy of the ethics committee approval or the informed consent form at any stage of the editorial process.